Insights

Notes on AI, data, and finance

Essays and working notes, published on Substack. New posts appear here automatically.

White papers

Research and frameworks, free to download. Available in English and Japanese.

AI Agents

Agents Need Knowledge, Not Just Data

On the effectiveness and cost of grounding AI agents in an organization’s own knowledge

When an AI agent lacks an organization’s knowledge, it guesses, and its guesses look like answers. This paper sets out the evidence for building a governed knowledge layer — better accuracy on the same data, agents that know when to stop and ask, and lower cost — and how to start, one business decision at a time.

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